moslem in france

A. Introduction
Background
Islam is a religion of universal peace, so that a mercy for all creatures. Islamic teachings, has a basis to establish and enforce the values of justice, the principle of equality (equality), law enforcement, welfare, freedom, because the basis of that, Islam was well received in many parts of this earth. Starting from the Arabian Peninsula, Asia, Africa, America, to Europe. Islam spread to parts of the world and can co-exist with other religions, although in some places had been a strain.
In the 20th century, Islam is growing rapidly in mainland Europe. Slowly, people in Europe that the majority are Christians and Catholics are beginning to accept the presence of Islam. No wonder then that the Islamic religion became a separate concern in European societies.
One example of the Islamic society life in Europe, for example in the French State, the current developments rapidly in France, Islam developed in the late 19th century and the beginning of the 20th AD, in fact, in 1922, had stood a mosque that was magnificent called Masjid Raya Joseph in the French capital, Paris. Until now, more than 1000 mosques stood throughout France.
In this country, Islam developed by immigrants from surrounding countries, like Algeria, Libya, Morocco, Mauritania, and others. Around the 1960s, thousands of Arab workers emigrated (hijra) massively into mainland Europe, particularly in France.
Currently, the number of adherents of Islam in France to reach seven million people. With this amount, the French became the country with the largest Muslims in Europe. But in a state census in France, Muslims constitute a minority.
From the statistics in the CIA World Factbook, the Roman Catholic religion professed by 83-88% of the population, Muslim 5-10%, Protestant 2%, and Jewish 1%. According to several sources on-line, most French people do not go church or formal religion. They believe that they want, or do not believe what what.
By tradition, France is a country with a majority of Roman Catholics, but since the year 1905, the law that separates state from religion, so that France is a secular country. The Government and its agencies do not interfere in matters of religion and religion does not interfere in government policy. This principle is called in French "laïcité".
Islam in France developed slowly, which developed through several distribution methods, both directly between individual and communal. The next development of the French population was more to Islam. Role of migrant workers from Africa and parts of Asia that make Islam grew rapidly. These workers founded the community or organization to develop Islam.
Because such a rapid effect, the French government had banned distribution of migrant workers to religion, especially Islam. French Government worried that Islamic organizations that developed these workers will make pengkotak-boxed people in some ethnic groups.
Tensions sometimes arise because of discrimination against minorities Thus, it may cause disintegration and can divide communities. One of the most obvious case is the riots in 2005. This unrest was triggered when two teenagers who live in Clichy-sous-Bois, Ziad Benna (17) and Banou Traoré (15), died of electricity stung. Both teens are trying to escape from two police officers who raided the identity and often menjebeloskan minorities to prison for no apparent reason. Riots then broke out after it was reported that a teenager who died came from ethnic minorities in low-income districts.
These deaths have caused the explosion of tensions that already exist. The protesters spoke to the press associations, that the unrest is an expression frutrasi with unemployment and police harassment in the area.
From the cases above, we will discuss a few things in the adaptation of French Muslim minority live side by side with non-Muslim majority, so achieving the highest rating of Islamic development in mainland Europe.



B. Koversi Religion in France
The presence of Muslims in France to give effect to the social structure and culture of the country. Although the behavior and lifestyle liberals dominate public life, but the influence of culture and Islamic values of French society can not be denied. The role of religion in society and efforts to save the world from a variety of current social ills, became the main theme of the convention's largest Muslim community in France and around the world. Public behavior with the secular state identity that is owned by the French in some cases participated in protected by the state, because the state does not have the authority to regulate the behavior of society life. Hence arose the disease a growing community.
Customs and culture, social relations typical, and the organization, based in the mosques to Muslim communities have a fundamental difference with the local culture. With the increase in the spread of Islamic culture in France, the French government's reaction shows their opposition to Islam and establish various rules and laws to suppress the Muslims in France. Among the rules that suppress Muslims are prohibited for a veiled Muslim to follow education in France. However, due to persistence of Islam in France, actually makes a lot of people more interested in studying Islam and even converted to Islam.
Islam developed from mosque to mosque, but with more bayaknya foreign Muslim students who attend school in France, then into the curriculum of religious education in schools, it is this that makes the greater number of Muslims in France. However, many indigenous society who converted to Islam
Public interest in the teachings of Islam, until the desire for knowing the basics of knowledge about the procedure of individual lives and societies, increasing the number of digits up to 5 million inhabitants of the French population is religious conversion. This is certainly hot enough to make the Catholic Church and the government. These figures include 5juta soul smallest among European countries that have Muslim population, but the percentage of this amount is the largest in Europe.

Note Sociology of Law

Note Sociology of Law

Sociology of law is required and is not a new naming convention for a science that has long existed. Indeed, both the science of law and sociology of law has the same focus of the law; but the second point of view of science was also different, and therefore the results obtained to the two science was also different. Law is a cultural phenomenon that serves to implement kaidcah rules and patterns of certain perikelakuan of individuals in society. Studied law these symptoms and explain the meaning and purpose of these rules, because the rules were often not clear. Various legal rules that apply in society should be grouped into a systematic classification, and this is one of the tasks of legal science. (Soerjono Soekanto, 2001:9)
There are other facts that are not investigated by the legal science of behavior patterns (legal) community citizens. To what extent does the legal form of behavior patterns that are, or whether the law is made up of behavior patterns that. In the first case, how the ways of the most effective of the law in the formation of patterns of behavior? Is this what is the first scope of the sociology of law.
The scope of the law is concerned and further patterns as well as the creation perikelakuan form than the desires of social groups. Whether the forces that shape, distribution, or even destructive patterns that are juridical perikelakuan? Furthermore, an object that did not receive special attention from law, but the field of sociology of law research is the interplay between the changes in the law with social changes and culture. To investigate that, needed adequate knowledge about the law sedbagai a social phenomenon. So, basically the scope of the sociology of law is perikelakuan patterns in society, namely the ways to act or behave the same from the people who live together in society. Thus, it can be formulated that the sociology of law is a branch of science that include researching why people obey the law and why he failed to obey the law serts social factors influencing another. Sociology of law is a branch of general sociology.

SOME PROBLEMS OF LAW highlighted SOSIOLLOGI
1. Law and Social Systems Society.
In essence, this is an overall object of the sociology of law, therefore there is no doubt anymore that a legal system is a reflection rather than a social system in which the legal system was a part.
2. Similarities and differences in legal systems.
Research in this area is important for a comparative study and to be able to find out whether there are indeed legal concepts that are universal, because the needs of local communities are willing.
3. Nature a dualistic ynag Legal System.
Both substantive law and adjective law, on the one hand contain provisions about how people will be able to run and developed a degree of human equality, ensuring the welfare and so on. However, on the other hand, the law can be a powerful tool to control citizens or the community can
Legal positivism
Positivism in Indonesia was born because:
1. Legal education in Indonesia is more directed to the aim of creating a professional law degree (a monolithic legal expertise). S1 printing craftsmen to apply the law, how to create a reliable SH in the legal profession because the law like the law of domination that is positivistic / normatik, then the law is not considered normatik unimportant realtif.
Determination Profession Act







Civil Law: deductive: created a general rule to solve the case. So the same national law despite the different regions by the legislature.
Law is a good assumption.

2. Education in Indonesia inherited the tradition of continental law the civil law model.
Law is something that already exists in the law or what is already in the ordinance so that customary law is considered less important, but could be if the Dutch colonized Indonesia does not, it is applicable customary law.
- Civil law tends to empirical / induktifnya not used
- Lobe de droit: the judge is the mouth of the law by judges in determining the verdict was determined by the law, so that the findings of law to be poor.

3. Legal education in Indonesia over many proposed laws in psychology but less anatomy teaching in anatomic pathology with the presumption of law statute should not be protested, the Act is considered good because the law has determined the principle, article etc.. The disease is not taught the law so that we are not accustomed to analyze the legal biases. Disobedience of the law a lot, but sometimes not at issue, when it became part of studying law.

Modern Leadership Theory.

Modern Leadership Theory.
One of the remarkable achievements of the sociology of modern leadership is the development of the theory of the role (role theory). Presented, each member of a community occupying a certain position status, as well as the individual is expected to play a certain role. Thus, leadership can be viewed as an aspect of role differentiation. This means that leadership can be conceived as an interaction between the individual and the group members.
According to the rules, leaders or managers are super human beings more than others, strong, persistent, and knows all things (White, Hudgson & Crainer, 1997). The leaders are also human beings who are few, but its role in the organization is a critical success and the success of the goal. Departure from the ideas of thought, vision leaders determined the direction of travel of an organization. Although not the only measure of success of the organization's performance level, but the reality proves the absence of a leader, an organization will be static and tend to walk without direction.
In the history of human civilization, dikonstatir motion and dynamics of organizational life to some extent depend on a small group of people organizing the organization. Even be said human progress comes from a small number of special people who appear to the fore. These people were pioneers, pioneers, thinkers, creators and expert organizations. A group of special people this is called a leader. Therefore a key leadership from management. The leaders in carrying out his task is not only responsible to his boss, owner, and the achievement of organizational goals, they are also responsible for the internal problems of the organization including responsibility for development and cultivation of human resources. Externally, the leaders have a social responsibility or public accountability.
In terms of leadership theory, in essence leadership theories try to explain two things, the factors involved in the appearance of leadership and the nature of leadership. Research on these two issues is more satisfying than the theory itself. However leadership theories quite interesting, because the theory of much help in defining and determining research problems. From the search of literature on leadership, leadership theory research has been influenced by Galton (1879) about the background of prominent people who tried to explain leadership based on inheritance. Some further research, suggested the individuals in each society has different levels of intelligence, energy, and moral strength, and they are always led by individuals who truly superior.
Further development, some theorists have developed a view of the emergence of a great leader is the result of the time, place and situation for a moment. Two hypotheses are developed about the leadership, namely: (1) the quality of leaders and leadership groups depending on the situation, and (2), the quality of the individual in a moment the situation is the result of the previous leadership which succeeded in overcoming the same situation (Hocking & Boggardus, 1994 ).
Two theories of the People's theory and the theory of Situational Outstanding, trying to explain the effects of leadership as a single force. Interactive effects between the individual factors by a factor of the situation seem less attention. Therefore, research on leadership should also include: (1) effective qualities, intellectual and individual actions, and (2) special conditions of individuals in their implementation. Another opinion suggests, to understand the leadership's attention should be directed to (1) the nature and motives of the leader as a human being, (2) imagine that there is a group of people that he led and the motive to follow him, (3) looks to play the role as leader, and ( 4) institutional relationship involving him and his followers (Hocking & Boggardus, 1994).
Some of these opinions, if the note can be categorized as a theory of leadership with the point of view "Personal-Situational". This is due, his eyes not only on the problem situation, but also views the interaction between individuals and between the leadership of the group. Leadership theory, developed following the above three theories, the expectancy theory of interaction. This theory was developed about the role of leadership by using the three basic variables, namely: action, interaction, and sentiment. The assumption, that the increased frequency of interaction and participation is associated with increased sentiment or a sense of excitement and clarity of the norm group. The higher the position of individuals within the group, its activities in accordance with the norms of the group, expanded its interactions, and many members of the group invited to interact successfully.
In 1957 Stogdill develop-reinforcement expectancy theory to achieve the role. Stated, the interaction between members in performing the tasks will be to strengthen the hope to continue to interact. Thus, the role of individuals is determined by the expectations associated with the appearance and interaction undertaken. Then stated, the core of leadership can be seen from the efforts to change the motivation of other members in order to change behavior. Motivation changed with the change in expectations about the reward and punishment. Behavior changes that occur the group members, intended to get a reward for performance. Thus, the value of a leader or manager depends on the ability to create expectation of praise or reward.
On the basis of the theory above, the House in 1970 to develop a motivational theory of leadership. Function according to this theory of motivation to improve the association between certain ways that are positive in achieving objectives with the expected behavior and increase the rewards subordinates will work toward the goal. In the same year Fiedler developed a theory of Effective Leadership. Argued, the effectiveness of leader behavior patterns depending on the outcome determined by particular circumstances. Leaders who have a job orientation tend to be more effective in various situations. The more fitness leaders sosiabel interaction, the level of leadership effectiveness higher.
The next leadership theory is the theory with the pioneers of Humanistic Argryris, Blake and Mouton, Likert Rensis, and Douglas McGregor. This theory is generally argued, humans are naturally "motivated Organism". Organization structure and certain control systems. The function of leadership is to modify the organization so that individuals are free to realize the potential motivations in make ends meet and at the same time consistent with the purpose of the group. When examined, in Humanistic theory, there are three main variables, namely: (1), the appropriate leadership and attention to the conscience of the members with all expectations, needs, and his ability, (2), an organization well prepared to stay relevant with interests of its members in addition to the organization as a whole, and (3), close interaction and harmony between the leadership of the members to foster unity and oneness and live peacefully together. Blanchard, Zigarmi, and Drea even stated, leadership is not something you do for others, but something you do together with others (Blanchard & Zigarmi, 2001).
Another leadership theory, which should put forward a theory of leadership behavior. This theory emphasizes on what is done by a leader. Stated, there are behaviors that distinguish leaders from non leaders. If a study found the typical behavior that indicate the success of a leader, then the implication is that a person can basically be educated and trained to become an effective leader. This theory is at once answered the opinion, that leader is not just born to be a leader but also can appear as a result of a learning process.
In addition to leadership theories that have been proposed, in development recently received the attention of scholars and practitioners are two basic patterns of interaction between leaders and followers of transformational leadership patterns and transactional leadership. Both these leadership patterns, is based on the opinion of a political scientist named James McGregor Burns (1978) in his book "Leadership". Next Bass (1985) investigate and examine more deeply about the patterns of leadership and then officially announced as a theory, complete with models and measurements.