Modern Leadership Theory.

Modern Leadership Theory.
One of the remarkable achievements of the sociology of modern leadership is the development of the theory of the role (role theory). Presented, each member of a community occupying a certain position status, as well as the individual is expected to play a certain role. Thus, leadership can be viewed as an aspect of role differentiation. This means that leadership can be conceived as an interaction between the individual and the group members.
According to the rules, leaders or managers are super human beings more than others, strong, persistent, and knows all things (White, Hudgson & Crainer, 1997). The leaders are also human beings who are few, but its role in the organization is a critical success and the success of the goal. Departure from the ideas of thought, vision leaders determined the direction of travel of an organization. Although not the only measure of success of the organization's performance level, but the reality proves the absence of a leader, an organization will be static and tend to walk without direction.
In the history of human civilization, dikonstatir motion and dynamics of organizational life to some extent depend on a small group of people organizing the organization. Even be said human progress comes from a small number of special people who appear to the fore. These people were pioneers, pioneers, thinkers, creators and expert organizations. A group of special people this is called a leader. Therefore a key leadership from management. The leaders in carrying out his task is not only responsible to his boss, owner, and the achievement of organizational goals, they are also responsible for the internal problems of the organization including responsibility for development and cultivation of human resources. Externally, the leaders have a social responsibility or public accountability.
In terms of leadership theory, in essence leadership theories try to explain two things, the factors involved in the appearance of leadership and the nature of leadership. Research on these two issues is more satisfying than the theory itself. However leadership theories quite interesting, because the theory of much help in defining and determining research problems. From the search of literature on leadership, leadership theory research has been influenced by Galton (1879) about the background of prominent people who tried to explain leadership based on inheritance. Some further research, suggested the individuals in each society has different levels of intelligence, energy, and moral strength, and they are always led by individuals who truly superior.
Further development, some theorists have developed a view of the emergence of a great leader is the result of the time, place and situation for a moment. Two hypotheses are developed about the leadership, namely: (1) the quality of leaders and leadership groups depending on the situation, and (2), the quality of the individual in a moment the situation is the result of the previous leadership which succeeded in overcoming the same situation (Hocking & Boggardus, 1994 ).
Two theories of the People's theory and the theory of Situational Outstanding, trying to explain the effects of leadership as a single force. Interactive effects between the individual factors by a factor of the situation seem less attention. Therefore, research on leadership should also include: (1) effective qualities, intellectual and individual actions, and (2) special conditions of individuals in their implementation. Another opinion suggests, to understand the leadership's attention should be directed to (1) the nature and motives of the leader as a human being, (2) imagine that there is a group of people that he led and the motive to follow him, (3) looks to play the role as leader, and ( 4) institutional relationship involving him and his followers (Hocking & Boggardus, 1994).
Some of these opinions, if the note can be categorized as a theory of leadership with the point of view "Personal-Situational". This is due, his eyes not only on the problem situation, but also views the interaction between individuals and between the leadership of the group. Leadership theory, developed following the above three theories, the expectancy theory of interaction. This theory was developed about the role of leadership by using the three basic variables, namely: action, interaction, and sentiment. The assumption, that the increased frequency of interaction and participation is associated with increased sentiment or a sense of excitement and clarity of the norm group. The higher the position of individuals within the group, its activities in accordance with the norms of the group, expanded its interactions, and many members of the group invited to interact successfully.
In 1957 Stogdill develop-reinforcement expectancy theory to achieve the role. Stated, the interaction between members in performing the tasks will be to strengthen the hope to continue to interact. Thus, the role of individuals is determined by the expectations associated with the appearance and interaction undertaken. Then stated, the core of leadership can be seen from the efforts to change the motivation of other members in order to change behavior. Motivation changed with the change in expectations about the reward and punishment. Behavior changes that occur the group members, intended to get a reward for performance. Thus, the value of a leader or manager depends on the ability to create expectation of praise or reward.
On the basis of the theory above, the House in 1970 to develop a motivational theory of leadership. Function according to this theory of motivation to improve the association between certain ways that are positive in achieving objectives with the expected behavior and increase the rewards subordinates will work toward the goal. In the same year Fiedler developed a theory of Effective Leadership. Argued, the effectiveness of leader behavior patterns depending on the outcome determined by particular circumstances. Leaders who have a job orientation tend to be more effective in various situations. The more fitness leaders sosiabel interaction, the level of leadership effectiveness higher.
The next leadership theory is the theory with the pioneers of Humanistic Argryris, Blake and Mouton, Likert Rensis, and Douglas McGregor. This theory is generally argued, humans are naturally "motivated Organism". Organization structure and certain control systems. The function of leadership is to modify the organization so that individuals are free to realize the potential motivations in make ends meet and at the same time consistent with the purpose of the group. When examined, in Humanistic theory, there are three main variables, namely: (1), the appropriate leadership and attention to the conscience of the members with all expectations, needs, and his ability, (2), an organization well prepared to stay relevant with interests of its members in addition to the organization as a whole, and (3), close interaction and harmony between the leadership of the members to foster unity and oneness and live peacefully together. Blanchard, Zigarmi, and Drea even stated, leadership is not something you do for others, but something you do together with others (Blanchard & Zigarmi, 2001).
Another leadership theory, which should put forward a theory of leadership behavior. This theory emphasizes on what is done by a leader. Stated, there are behaviors that distinguish leaders from non leaders. If a study found the typical behavior that indicate the success of a leader, then the implication is that a person can basically be educated and trained to become an effective leader. This theory is at once answered the opinion, that leader is not just born to be a leader but also can appear as a result of a learning process.
In addition to leadership theories that have been proposed, in development recently received the attention of scholars and practitioners are two basic patterns of interaction between leaders and followers of transformational leadership patterns and transactional leadership. Both these leadership patterns, is based on the opinion of a political scientist named James McGregor Burns (1978) in his book "Leadership". Next Bass (1985) investigate and examine more deeply about the patterns of leadership and then officially announced as a theory, complete with models and measurements.